History Colorado

Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy

Early History - Political Leaders

African American Cowboy, c. 1900, possibly taken around Leadville, Colorado.

Early History - Cowboys

The early trappers and fur traders, who came to be known in the West as Mountain Men, were the pioneer explorers of Colorado.

Early History - Mountain Men

Explore the development of civil rights throughout Colorado and the United States of America.

Civil Rights Timeline

Camp Nizhoni was founded in 1924 in response to the segregationist policies of the time, which prevented African American girls from attending the same YWCA camps as white children. 

Lincoln Hills - Camp Nizhoni

There were no formal Jim Crow laws in Denver, home to Colorado’s largest African American community. But Black citizens still faced widespread discrimination in the early twentieth century. Denver’s Five Points neighborhood created a sense of community when people  had trouble finding housing except in limited areas, were largely confined to low-paying jobs, and met with segregation in schools, parks, and other public places.  CLICK ON THE STARTS TO EXPLORE DENVER IN THE 1920s.

Explore Denver in the 1920s

Opened in 1922 by Black entrepreneurs from Denver’s Five Points neighborhood, Lincoln Hills was an oasis in a segregated society—the biggest resort west of the Mississippi built BY and FOR African Americans. People from across the country came to Lincoln Hills to camp, stay in Wink’s Lodge, or buy a lot and build a cabin.


Lincoln Hills

Colorado has a long, rich history of African American owned businesses and enterprise. This history is best exhibited in communities such as  Denver’s Five Points.  Five Points became a central point for African Americans moving to Denver in the 1920s.

Early History - Entrepreneurs

10th Cavalry soldiers in uniform at Fort Washakie, Wyoming.  More than 180,000 African Americans fought for the Union Army in the Civil War. Of them, more than 33,000 died. War’s end left the future of the Army’s African Americans in doubt.

Early History - Buffalo Soldiers

In the early 1920s, Denver entrepreneur Obrey Wendell Hamlet, known as “Wink,” set out to build a resort in Lincoln Hills. He and first wife Naomi broke ground on a three-story, six-bedroom lodge in 1925 and finished it three years later. They officially named it Wink's Panorama, but everyone knew it as Wink's Lodge.  Wink's Lodge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980


Lincoln Hills - Wink's Lodge

Thanks to the all-Black Phyllis Wheatley branch of the YWCA and the vision of the Lincoln Hills Development Corporation, the YWCA established Camp Nizhoni at Lincoln Hills. The name comes from the Navajo word for “beautiful.” Segregation kept African American women and girls from attending the nearby YWCA girls’ camp at Lookout Mountain. So every summer, up to fifty girls went to Camp Nizhoni to hike, swim and learn outdoor skills. After 18 years in operation, Camp Nizhoni closed in 1945 with the integration of Camp Lookout.


Lincoln Hills - Camp Nizhoni Album

From exploring the Colorado territory to fighting discrimination, to expanding voting rights, African American people have had a long and active role in shaping Colorado's past and present.


Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library

Letter From Birmingham Jail-Martin Luther King Jr.

Early African American History in Colorado

U.S. History

Social Studies

Six African American campers of various ages in the "Andy" family (Andy is counselor Marie Anderson, later Marie L. Greenwood) pose near a wire fence on the grounds of Camp Nizhoni in Lincoln Hills (Gilpin County), Colorado.

African American campers, dressed in dresses and hats, stand at the train stop near Camp Nizhoni..

Pictured is Mother Gross, an African American woman and cook for Camp Nizhoni.

Marie Anderson (later Marie L. Greenwood), a camp counselor, poses with other counselors on the grounds of Camp Nizhoni.

Nine African American women pose at the home of Mother Gross, Camp Nizhoni's cook, somewhere in Colorado. Pictured are: Marie Anderson (later Marie L. Greenwood), "Woody" (Mary E. Wood) on crutches, Mother Gross, "Snippy" (Mildred Parsons), Jessie Sharp, "Pat," Mrs. EuDailey (Exec. Sec.), Mrs. G. Lightener (Com. of Manage. Chrmn.) and Mrs. Bradley (Camp Com. Chrmn.).

A group of African American campers from camp Nizhoni board a D.& R.G.W. Railroad passenger car as they leave Camp Nizhoni in Lincoln Hills.

Portrait of Marie L. Anderson (later Marie L. Greenwood), an African American teenager, the young woman poses wearing overalls, tie, shirt and a cap.

The Reserve Secretary  for the YWCA in Denver poses with probably Patsy Crosswhite at Camp Nizhoni.

Two African American campers, identified as Yvonne Mason and Zipporah Parks, pose among trees on the grounds of Camp Nizhoni.

A group of campers from Camp Nizhoni, Lincoln Hills (Gilpin County), Colorado, and their Camp Director "Woody," Mary E. Wood, stand near Denver & Rio Grande Railroad tracks.

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Early African American History in Colorado

Lincoln Hills - Camp Nizhoni Album

Yep, this is 1935.